TSA Best Management Practices for
Grazed Pastures


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  • In regions with regular killing frost:

    • Dense stands
      Apply Milestone™ (5 to 7 fl. oz/A) or Forefront™ (2 to 2.6 pt/A) in the late spring or early summer after all perennial plants have emerged from winter dormancy and before fruit development. Monitor the treated area beginning in the late summer for escaped plants and be prepared to spot-spray with Milestone (10 ml per 2.5 gal)1, Forefront (50 ml per 2.5 gal)1, or Remedy™ (50 ml per 2.5 gal), plus surfactant and color marker, in the fall as needed. Continue to monitor this site for at least 1 year to determine if additional spot-spraying is sufficient, or if the entire area should receive another broadcast application of Milestone or Forefront.

    • Sparse stands
      Spot spray in the spring with Milestone (10 ml per 2.5 gal), Forefront (50 ml per 2.5 gal) or Remedy (50 ml per 2.5 gal), plus surfactant and color marker, and monitor every 45-60 days to determine if additional spot-spraying is necessary.


  • In regions without killing frost:

    • Dense stands
      Apply Milestone (5 to 7 fl. oz/A) or Forefront (2 to 2.6 pt/A) in the late fall or early winter after plants have fully recovered from the summer stress, but prior to fruit production. It is possible that mowing TSA plants will be necessary to prevent significant fruit development before herbicide application. Monitor the treated area in the late spring or early summer for escaped plants and be prepared to spot-spray with Milestone (10 ml per 2.5 gal)1, Forefront (50 ml per 2.5 gal)1, or Remedy (50 ml per 2.5 gal), plus surfactant and color marker, in the fall as needed. After spot-spraying, monitor this site every 45-60 days to control TSA plants before fruit is produced. Be prepared to broadcast Milestone or Forefront again the following December to control TSA seedlings have escaped the initial broadcast application and the subsequent spot-sprays.

    • Sparse stands
      Begin monitoring fields in October after TSA plants have recovered from the summer stress and resumed active growth. Spot-spray in November/December with Milestone (10 ml per 2.5 gal), Forefront (50 ml per 2.5 gal), or Remedy (50 ml per 2.5 gal), plus surfactant and color marker, as needed. Continue monitoring every 45-60 days and spot-spraying as necessary so TSA fruit is not produced.

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1 Do not exceed a total of 7 fl. oz/A/yr of Milestone or 42 fl. oz/A/yr of Forefront.